The risk of foraminal violation and nerve root impingement after anterior placement of lumbar interbody fusion cages.
Academic Article
Overview
abstract
STUDY DESIGN: Three groups of six embalmed cadaver spines underwent placement of lumbar interbody fusion cages centered either at midline, 10% lateral of midline, or 20% lateral of midline. The spines were evaluated for evidence of neuroforamen violation or nerve root impingement. OBJECTIVES: To determine the potential for foraminal violation or nerve root impingement after correct placement and lateral misplacement of lumbar interbody fusion cages. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Radicular symptoms after anterior cage placement have raised some concern about the potential for inadvertent device-related foraminal violation not adequately appreciated by intraoperative fluoroscopy. METHODS: Preoperative computed tomography scanning and plain radiography was used to measure endplate dimensions at L4-L5 and to template the appropriately sized interbody fusion cages. The cadaveric specimens were randomly divided into three groups of six (Groups I-III) and instrumented at L4-L5 either at midline (I) or 10% (II) or 20% (III) lateral of midline. Postoperative computed tomography and plain radiography was evaluated for evidence of neuroforamen violation, followed by dissection of the specimens. RESULTS: Foraminal violation occurred in one of six spines in group II (10% off midline) and in three of six spines in group III (20% off midline). Two of the three cadavers in group III with foraminal violation also were noted to have nerve root abutment on computed tomography scans and spinal dissection. CONCLUSIONS: Excessive lateral placement of lumbar interbody fusion cages may result in foraminal violation and possible nerve encroachment. The "safe zone" for centering the cages extends approximately 5 mm on either side of midline.
