The association between naloxone claims and proportion of independent versus chain pharmacies: A longitudinal analysis of naloxone claims in the United States. Academic Article uri icon

Overview

abstract

  • BACKGROUND: Expanding access to naloxone through pharmacies is an important policy goal. Our objective was to characterize national county-level naloxone dispensing of chain versus independent pharmacies. METHODS: The primary exposure in our longitudinal analysis was the proportion of chain pharmacies in a county, identified through the U.S. Department of Homeland Security 2010 Infrastructure Foundation-Level Data. We defined counties as having "higher proportion" of chain pharmacies if at least 50% of pharmacies were large national chains. The primary outcome was quarter-year (2016Q1-2019Q2) rate of pharmacy naloxone claims per 100,000 persons from Symphony Health at the county level. We compared the naloxone dispensing rate between county types using 2-sample t tests. We estimated the association between county-level chain pharmacy proportion and rate of naloxone claims using a linear model with year-quarter fixed effects. RESULTS: Nearly one-third of counties (n = 946) were higher proportion. Higher proportion counties had a significantly higher rate of naloxone claims across the study period, in 4 of 6 urban-rural classifications, and in counties with and without naloxone access laws (NALs). The linear model confirmed that higher proportion counties had a significantly higher rate of naloxone claims, adjusting for urban-rural designation, income, population characteristics, opioid mortality rate, coprescribing laws, and NALs. CONCLUSION: In this national study, we found an association between naloxone dispensing rates and the county-level proportion of chain (vs. independent) pharmacies. Incentivizing naloxone dispensing through educational, regulatory, or legal efforts may improve naloxone availability and dispensing rates-particularly in counties with proportionately high numbers of independent pharmacies.

publication date

  • April 10, 2024

Research

keywords

  • Naloxone
  • Narcotic Antagonists
  • Pharmacies

Identity

PubMed Central ID

  • PMC11402586

Scopus Document Identifier

  • 85191829044

Digital Object Identifier (DOI)

  • 10.1016/j.japh.2024.102093

PubMed ID

  • 38604474

Additional Document Info

volume

  • 64

issue

  • 4