Phase-corrected bipolar gradients in multi-echo gradient-echo sequences for quantitative susceptibility mapping.

Overview

OBJECTIVE: Large echo spacing of unipolar readout gradients in current multi-echo gradient-echo (GRE) sequences for mapping fields in quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) can be reduced using bipolar readout gradients thereby improving acquisition efficiency. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Phase discrepancies between odd and even echoes in the bipolar readout gradients caused by non-ideal gradient behaviors were measured, modeled as polynomials in space and corrected for accordingly in field mapping. The bipolar approach for multi-echo GRE field mapping was compared with the unipolar approach for QSM. RESULTS: The odd-even-echo phase discrepancies were approximately constant along the phase encoding direction and linear along the readout and slice-selection directions. A simple linear phase correction in all three spatial directions was shown to enable accurate QSM of the human brain using a bipolar multi-echo GRE sequence. Bipolar multi-echo acquisition provides QSM in good quantitative agreement with unipolar acquisition while also reducing noise. CONCLUSION: With a linear phase correction between odd-even echoes, bipolar readout gradients can be used in multi-echo GRE sequences for QSM.